Skip to content

The Term Mongγol Revisited // 再談『蒙古』一詞的來源


Pages 183 - 206

DOI https://doi.org/10.13173/CAJ/2017/1-2/11




The principal aim of this article is to scrutinise the tribal name Mongγol, the analysis of which has been controversial. Although references to the ethnonym can be traced back to the Tang period (618–907), it is only recorded in Uighur script in a thirteenth-century seal, while the Mongγol-un ni'uča tobča'an (Secret History of the Mongols) features the Chinese transliteration 忙豁勒 (<Mongγol). The post-Tang variants 蒙兀 (muŋ ŋu∂t), even 蒙瓦 (meng wa) show a certain degree of linguistic fluidity, as the article will demonstrate.



本文分析『蒙古』(mongyol)一部落名的來源這一有爭議問題。雖然同義詞 在唐代時已存在,但直到十三世紀才被回鶻文印文所記載,與【蒙古秘史】提 到中文譯名『忙豁勒』相呼應。而自唐代以來也有『蒙兀』以及『蒙瓦』等別 名中體現的語言流變性亦將被本文探討。


National Chung Cheng University - 國立中正大學

1 Atkinson, Thomas Witlam (1996): Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor and the Russian Acquisitions on the Confines of India and China, with Adventures among the Mountain Kirghis and the Manjours, Manyargs, Toungous, Touzemts, Goldi and Gelyaks, the Hunting and Pastoral Tribes. London: Hurst and Blackett 1860; reprint, New Delhi: Bhavana Books and Prints.

2 Banzarov, Dordzhi [Дорджи Банзаров] (1955): “O происхождении имени Монгол” [On the Origins of the Term Mongol]. In: Собраиние сочинении (Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР). 167–174.

3 Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987): The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

4 Boodberg, Peter A. (1979): Selected Works of Peter A. Boodberg. Edited by Alvin P. Cohen. University of California.

5 Bosson, James (1990): “A Modest Proposal for the Etymology of Mongyol”. The Proceedings of the International Meeting on Mongolistics (Kökeqota). 117–125.

6 Cha-ch'i-ssu-ch'in 札奇斯欽 (1979): Meng-ku mi-shih hsZ 蒙古秘史新譯 並注釋. Taipei: Lien-ching ch'u-pan shi-yeh kung-ssu.

7 Cha-ch'i-ssu-ch'in 札奇斯欽 (1987): Meng-ku wen-hua yü she-hui 蒙古文化與社會. Taipei: T'ai-wan shang-wu in-shu kuan.

8 Chang Chiu-ho 張久和 (1998): Yüan Meng-ku jen ti li-shih: Shih-wei Ta-ta yen-chiu 原蒙古 人的歷史: 室韋達怛研究. Peking: Kao-teng chiao-yü ch'u-pan she.

9 Chang Po-ch'üan 張博泉 (1985): Tung-pei ti-fang shih-kao 東北地方史稿. Chi-lin: Chi-lin ta-hsüeh ch'u-pan she.

10 Chang T'ing-yu 張廷玉 (1974): Ming Shih 明史. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

11 Chang, Kun and Betty Shefts Chang (1976): The Proto-Chinese Final System and the Ch'ieh-yün. Taipei: Academia Sinica.

12 Chao Chan 趙展 (1982): “Tui Meng-ku tsu ch'i-yüan yü Meng-wu Shih-wei shuo ti chih-i 對 蒙古族起源於蒙兀室韋說的質疑”.” Hsüeh-hsi yü t'an-so 學習與探索 2. 127–133.

13 Ch'en Chieh-hsien 陳捷先 (1962): “Shuo Man-chou 說滿洲”. In: Man-chou ts'ung-k'ao 滿 洲叢考. Taipei: Kuo-li T'ai-wan ta-hsüeh. 1–24.

14 Ch'en Chien 陳踐 and Wang Yao 王堯 (1983): Tung-huang T'u-po wen-hsien hsüan 敦煌吐 蕃文獻選. Peking: Min-tsu ch'u-pan she.

15 Ch'en Ch'ing-lung 陳慶隆 (1976): “Ts'ung chie-tzu k'an T'u-chüeh, Hui-wu ti Han-hua 從借字看突厥、回紇的漢化”. Chung-yang yen-chiu yüan li-shih yü-yen yen-chiu so chi-k'an 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 47, part 3. 433–465.

16 Chin Ch'i-ts'ung 金啟孮 (1984): Nü-chen wen tzu-tien 女真文辭典. Peking: Wen-wu ch'u-pan she.

17 Chin Kuang-p'ing 金光平 and Chin Ch'i-ts'ung 金啟孮 (1980): Nü-chen yü-yen wen-tzu yen-chiu 女真語言文字研究. Peking: Wen-wu ch'u-pan she.

18 Ching Fang-ch'ang 景方昶 (1985): Tung-pei yü-ti shih-lüeh 東北輿地釋略. In: Liao-hai ts ‘ung-shu 遼海叢書, vol. 2. Shen-yang: Liao-Shen shu-she.

19 Ch'ing Shih-lu 清實錄. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü 1985.

20 Chou Wei-chou 周偉洲 (1990): “Ta-fei yü Mo-li 大非與墨離”. In: Hsi-pei li-shih yen-chiu 西北歷史研究. Shan-hsi: San Ts'ing ch'u-pan she. 129–142.

21 Chu Tao-ch'ing 朱道清, ed. (1993): Chung-kuo shui-hsi ta tzu-tien: shui-hsi fen-pu t'u 中國水系大辭典:水系分佈圖. Ch'ing-tao shi: Ch'ing-tao ch'u-pan she.

22 Ch'u-le-t'e-mu 楚勒特木 (1981): “Meng-ku' i-tz'u ti yu-lai” 蒙古’一詞的由來. Nei Meng-ku she-hui k'o-hsüeh 2. 74–76.

23 Chung-kuo she-hui k'e-hsüeh yüan et al (2006): Hai-la-erh Hsieh-erh-t'a-la mu-ti 海拉爾謝爾塔拉墓地. Peking: K'e-hsüeh ch'u-pan she.

24 Clauson, Gerard (1972): An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-thirteenth Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

25 Cleaves, Francis W. (1982): The Secret History of the Mongols. Cambridge: Harvard University.

26 Doerfer, Gerhard (1970): “Der Name der Mongolen bei Rashīd-al-Dīn”. Central Asiatic Journal XIV. 68–77.

27 Doerfer, Gerhard (1965): Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen, Band II. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.

28 E-erh-teng-t'ai 額爾登泰, Wu-yün-ta-lai 烏雲達賚 and A-sa-la-t'u 阿薩拉圖 (1980): Meng-ku mi-shih tz'u-hui hsüan-shih. Hu-ho-hao-t'e: Nei-Meng-ku jen-min ch'u-pan she.

29 Fang Ling-kui 方齡貴 (1991): Yüan-Ming hsi-chü chung ti Meng-ku yü. Shanghai: Han-yü ta tz'u-tien ch'u-pan she.

30 Feng Chia-sheng 馮家昇 (1987): “Ch'i-tan ming-hao k'ao-shi 契丹名號考釋. In: Feng Chia-sheng lun-chu chi-ts'ui 馮家昇論著輯粹. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü. 1–37.

31 Finch, Roger (1993): “Chapters XVI and XVII from the Uighur Suvarnaprabhāsottama-sūtra (Altun Yaruq)”. Journal of Turkish Studies 17. 37–116.

32 Ha-k'an-ch'u-lun 哈勘楚倫 (1978): “Lun Monggol (Meng-ku-le) tsu-ch'eng chih chen-ti” 論 Monggol (蒙古勒)族稱之真諦. Pien-cheng yen-chiu so nien-pao 邊政研究所年報. 9. 47–80.

33 Han Ju-lin 韓儒林 (1982): “Meng-ku ti ming-ch'eng 蒙古的名稱”. In: Ch'iung-lu chi: Yüan shih chi hsi-pei min-tsu shih yen-chiu 穹盧集: 元史及西北民族史研究. Shanghai: Shang-hai jen-min ch'u-pan she. 145–157.

34 Ha-ssu-tao-erh-chi, 哈斯道爾吉 (1984): “Lüeh lun Meng-ku i ming ti ch'i-yüan 略論蒙古一名的起源. In: Meng-ku hsüeh i-wen hsüan 蒙古學譯文選: Li-shih chuan chi 歷史專集. Hu-ho-hao-t'e: Nei Meng-ku she-hui k'e-hsüeh yüan ch'ing-pao yen-chiu so. 178–190.

35 Hattori Shiro 服部四郞 (1941): ‘“Mongol ka Mangol ka’ Mongol か Mangol か. Tōhō Gakuhō 東方學報. 12. 111–125, 241–255.

36 Heissig, Walther (1970): The Religions of Mongolia, tr. by Geoffrey Samuel. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.

37 Hsiao Ch'i-ch'ing 蕭啟慶 (1994): “Shuo ‘Ta Ch'ao’: Yüan ch'ao chien-hao ch'ien Meng-ku ti Han wen kuo-hao–chien lun Meng-Yüan kuo-hao ti yen-pien” 說大朝: 元朝建號前蒙古的漢文國號–兼論蒙元國號的演變. In: Meng-Yüan shih hsin yen 蒙元史新研. Taipei: Yun-ch'en wen-hua shih-yeh ku-fen you-hsien kung-ssu. 23–47.

38 Hsi-ch'ing 西清 (1966): Hei-lung-chiang wai-chi 黑龍江外記. In: Ts'ung-shu chi-ch'eng 黑龍江外記. Taipei: T'ai-wan shang-wu yin-shu-kuan.

39 Hsü Chan-chiang 徐占江 et al. (eds.) (1989): Hu-lun Hu chi 呼倫湖志. Chi-lin: Chi-lin wen-shih ch'u-pan she.

40 Hsü Meng-hsin 徐夢莘 (1962): San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien 三朝北盟會編. Taipei: Wen-hai ch'u-pan she.

41 Hsüeh Tsung-cheng 薛宗正 (1992): T'u-chüeh shih 突厥史. Peking: Chung-kuo she-hui k'e-hsüeh ch'u-pan she.

42 Hu Tseng-i 胡增益 (1983): O-lun-ch'un tsu chien-shih 鄂倫春族簡史. Hu-ho-hao-t'e: Nei Meng-ku jen-min ch'u-pan she.

43 Hu Tseng-i 胡增益 (2001): O-lun-ch ‘un yen-chiu 鄂倫春研究. Peking: Min-tsu ch'u-pan she.

44 Huang Chang-chien 黃彰健 (1977): “Ch'ing T'ai-tzu T'ien-ming chien-yüan k'ao” 清太祖天命建元考 In: Ming-Ch'ing shih yen-chiu ts'ung kao 明清史研究叢稿. Taipei: Shangwu in-shu kuan. 552–578.

45 Huang Chang-chien 黃彰健 (1977): “Man-chou kuo-hao k'ao 滿洲國號考. In: Ming-Ch'ing shih yen-chiu ts'ung-kao' 明清史研究叢稿. Taipei: T'ai-wan shang-wu in-shu kuan. 532–551.

46 I-lin-chen 亦鄰真 (1983): “Chung-kuo pei-fang min-tsu yü Meng-ku tsu tsu-yüan 中國北方民族與蒙古族族源”. In: Meng-ku shih lun-wen hsüan-chi 蒙古史論文選集, vol. 1. Hu-ho-hao-t'e: Hu-ho-hao-t'e shih Meng-ku yü-wen li-shih hsüeh-hui. 1–47.

47 I-lin-chen 亦鄰真 (2012): “E-erh-ku-na·Ba-erh-hu·Bu-t'e-ha 額爾古納·巴爾虎·布特哈 Ergün-e·Baryu Budq-a”. Translated by Ch'en Hsiao-wei 陳曉偉. In: Chung-kuo pien-chiang min-tsu yen-chiu 中國邊疆民族研究, vol. 6. Peking: Chung-yang min-tsu tahsüeh ch'u-pan she. 307–310.

48 Imanishi Shunjū 今西春秋 (1964): Kōchū Iikiroku 校注異域錄 Tulišen's I-yü-lu, Revised and Annotated. Tenri: Tenri Daigaku Oyasato Kenky'jo.

49 Kowalewski, J. E. (1993): Dictionnaire mongol-russe-français. Kazan 1844; reprint, Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.

50 Kuang-lu 廣祿 and Li Hsüeh-chih 李學智 (1970): Ch'ing T'ai-tsu ch'ao lao Man-wen yüan-tang 清太祖朝老滿文原檔, vol. 1. Taipei: Chung-yang yen-chiu yüan li-shih yü-yen yen-chiu so.

51 Kuo Hsi-liang 郭錫良 (1986): Han-tzu ku-yin shou-ts'e 漢字古音手冊. Peking: Pei-ching tahsüeh ch'u-pan-she.

52 La-shi-t'e 拉施特 (1983): Shih Chi 史集, vol. 1, part 1. Peking: Shang-wu in-shu kuan.

53 Lewicki, Marian (1949): La langue mongole des transcriptions chinoises du XIVe siècle. Le Houa-yi yi-yu de 1389. Wrocław (Travaux de la Société des Sciences et des lettres de Wrocław, Série A, No. 29).

54 Li Pai-yao 李百藥 (1972): Pei Ch'i Shu 北齊書. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

55 Li Tung-fang 黎東方 (1966): Hsi shuo Yüan ch'ao 細說元朝, vol. 1. Taipei: Wen-hsing shu-tien.

56 Lin Mei-ts'un 林梅村 (2007): Sung-mo chih-chien 松漠之間. Peking: San-lien shu-tien.

57 Liu Hsü 劉昫 (1975): Chiu T'ang Shu 舊唐書. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

58 Manduqu, Ő. (1995): Mongyol i iüi toli bičig. Peking: ündüsüten-ü keblel-ün qoriy-a.

59 Meng-ku shih-hsi p'u 蒙古世系譜. S.l.: s.n. 1939.

60 Mi Wen-p'ing 米文平 (1966): “Shih-wei hsiang-kuan ti-li wen-t'i 室韋相關地理問題. Liao-hai wen-wu hsüeh-k'an 2. 15–22.

61 Ming Shih-lu 明實錄. Taipei: Academia Sinica 1986.

62 Mongol kelen-ü toli nayiraγulqu duγuyilang (1999): Mongol kelen-ü toli. Kőkeqota: Őőr Monγol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.

63 Mostaert, Antoine (1956): Erdeni-yin tobči: Mongolian Chronicle by Saγang Sečen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

64 Mu-lin, Mang 牧林, 芒, (1994): “Meng-ku tzu-ch'eng <MONGGOL>k'ao 蒙古族稱 <MONGGOL>考”. Nei Meng-ku she-hui k'o-hsüeh 內蒙古社會科學, no. 3. 39–51.

65 Namǰilm-a ed (1994): Qorin naimatu tayilburi toli. Kőkeqota: Őőr Monγol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.

66 Na-shun-ta-lai 那順達來 (2001): Niakan Daor Bulku biteg. Hu-ho-hao-t'e: Nei Meng-ku tahsüeh ch'u-pan-she.

67 Nie Tso-p'ing 聶作平 and Li Mo-t'ien 李墨田 (2007): “Hu-lun Hu: Pei-kuo ta-tse 呼倫湖:北國大澤 “. In: Chung-Kuo kuo-chia ti-li 中國國家地理, no. 65. 30–37.

68 Ou-yang Hsiu 歐陽修 (1975): Hsin T'ang Shu 新唐書. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

69 Pai-niao-k'u-chi 白鳥庫吉 (1924): Tung-hu min-tzu k'ao 東胡民族考. Shanghai: Shang-wu in-shu kuan.

70 Pei-ching t'u-shu kuan ku-chi ch'u-pan pien-chi tsu 北京圖書館古籍出版編輯組 (1987): Pei-ching t'u-shu kuan ku-chi chen-pen ts'ung-k'an 北京圖書館古籍珍本叢刊. Peking: Shu-mu wen-hsien ch'u-pan she.

71 Pelliot, Paul (1929): “L'édition collective des œuvres de Wang Kuo-wei”. T'oung Pao 26. 113–182.

72 Pelliot, Paul (1921): “Notes sur les T'ou-yu-houen et les Sou-p'i”. T'oung Pao 20. 323–331.

73 Pelliot, Paul (1934): “Tokharien et Koutchéen”. Journal Asiatique CCXXIV. 23–106.

74 Pelliot, Paul (1949): Histoire secréte des Mongols. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient.

75 Poppe, Nicholas (1925): “Zum Feuerkultus bei den Mongolen”. Asia Major 2. 130–145.

76 Poppe, Nicholas (1954): Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

77 Poppe, Nicholas (1987): Introduction to Mongolian Comparative Studies. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura 1955, reprint.

78 Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1955): The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shan. Oxford University Press.

79 Rachewiltz, Igor de (1996): “The Name of the Mongols in Asia and Europe: A Reappraisal”. Études mongoles et sibériennes 27. 199–210.

80 Rachewiltz, Igor de (1972): Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. Bloomington: Indiana University.

81 Rachewiltz, Igor de (2004): The Secret History of the Mongols, vol. 1. Leiden, Boston: Brill.

82 Ramstedt, G. J. (1935): Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.

83 Ratchnevsky, Paul (1966): “Les Che-wei étaient-ils des Mongols?”. In: Mélanges de Sinologie offerts à Paul Demiéville, vol. 1. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 225–251.

84 Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991): Genghis Khan, His Life and Legacy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

85 Schmidt, Isaac Jacob (1829): Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen und ihres Fürstenhauses. St. Petersburg.

86 Schmidt, J. (1835): Mongolisch-Deutsch-Russisches Wörterbuch, nebst einem deutschen und einem russischen Wortregister. St. Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, W. Graeff und Glasunow, and Leipzig: Leopold Voss.

87 Shao Hsün-cheng 邵循正 (1982): “Shao Hsün-cheng hsien-sheng Meng-Yüan shih lun-chu ssu p'ien” 邵循正先生蒙元史論著四篇. In: Yüan-shih lun-ts'ung 元史論叢, vol. 1. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü. 214–225.

88 Shen Tseng-chih 沈增植 and Chang Erh-tien 張爾田 (1965): Meng-ku yüan-liu chien-cheng 蒙古源流箋證. Taipei: Wen-hai ch'u-pan she.

89 Shih Shih-chieh 施世傑 (1978): Yüan mi-shih shan-ch'üan ti-ming k'ao 元秘史山川地名考. Taipei: Kuang-wen shu-chü.

90 Sinor, Denis (1990): “On Some Ural-Altaic Plural Suffixes”. In: Essays in Comparative Altaic Linguistics. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. 203–230.

91 Su-jih-pa-ta-la-ha 蘇日巴達拉哈 (1986): Meng-ku tsu tsu-yüan hsin k'ao 蒙古族族源新考. Peking: Min-tsu ch'u-pan she.

92 Sun Chin-chi 孫進己 (1989): Tung-pei min-tsu yüan-liu 東北民族源流. Harbin: Hei-lung-chiang jen-min ch'u-pan she.

93 Sun Hsiu-jen 孫秀仁, Sun Chin-chi 孫進巳, Cheng Ying-te 鄭英德 and Feng Chi-ch'in 馮繼欽 (1985): Shih-wei shih yen-chiu 室韋史研究. Harbin: Pei-fang wen-wu tsa-chih she.

94 Sun Wen-liang 孫文良 (1992): Man-tsu chüeh-ch'i yü Ming-Ch'ing hsing-wang 滿族崛起與明清興亡. Shen-yang: Liao-ning ta-hsüeh ch'u-pan she.

95 Sung Lien 宋濂 (1976): Yüan Shih 元史. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

96 Tamura Jitsuzō (1973): “The Legends of the Origin of the Mongols and Problems Concerning Their Migration”. Acta Asiatica 24. 1–19.

97 T'an Ch'i-shuang 譚其驤 (1988): Chung-kuo li-shih ti-t'u chi shih-wen hui-pien: Tung-pei chüan 中國歷史地圖集釋文匯編:東北卷. Peking: Chung-yang min-tsu hsüeh-yüan ch'u-pan she.

98 Tao-jun-t'i-pu 道潤梯步 (1979): Hsin-i chien-chu Meng-ku mi-shih 新譯簡注蒙古秘史. Hu-ho-hao-t'e: Nei Meng-ku jen-min ch'u-pan she.

99 The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, Ill.: Encyclopædia Britannica 1991.

100 Ti-t'u ch'u-pan she 地圖出版社 (1974): Chung-hua jen-min kung-ho-kuo fen sheng ti-t'u chi 中華人民共和國分省地圖集. Peking: Ti-t'u ch'u-pan she.

101 T'o-t'o 脫脫 (1975): Chin Shih 金史 Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

102 T'o-t'o 脫脫 (1974): Liao Shih 遼史. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

103 Ts'ung P'ei-yüan 叢偑遠 and Chao Ming-ch'i 趙鳴岐 (eds.) (1985): Ts'ao T'ing-chieh chi 曹廷傑集. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

104 T'u Chi 屠寄 (1985): Hei-lung-chiang yü-t'u shuo p'i-chu 黑龍江輿圖說批註. In: Laio-hai ts'ung-shu, 遼海叢書, vol. 5. Shen-yang: Liao-Shen shu-she.

105 T'u Chi 屠寄 (1989): Meng-wu-erh shih-chi 蒙兀兒史記. In: Yüan-shih erh chung 元史二種, vol. 2. Shanghai: Shang-hai ku-chi ch'u-pan she.

106 Wan Fu-lin 萬福麟 (1965): Hei-lung-chiang chih-kao 黑龍江志稿. Taipei: Wen-hai ch'u-pan she.

107 Wang Hsiao-fu 王小甫 (1992): Tang T'u-po Ta-shih cheng-chih kuan-hsi shih 唐吐蕃大食政治關係史. Peking: Pei-ching ta-hsüeh ch'u-pan she.

108 Wang Kuo-wei 王國維 (1991): “Meng-ku k'ao” 萌古考. In: Kuan-t'ang chi-lin 觀堂集林, vol. 3. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü. 687–712.

109 Wang Kuo-wei 王國維 (1962): Hei-ta shih-lüeh chien-cheng 黑韃事略箋證. In: Meng-ku shih-liao ssu chung 蒙古史料四種. Taipei: Cheng-chung shu-chü.

110 Wang Shu-ts'ai 王樹才 (1993): Mo Ho hsien-chih 漠河縣志. Peking: Chung-kuo ta pai-k'e ch'üan shu ch'u-pan she.

111 Wang Su-min 王蘇民 and Chi Lü 吉磊 (1995): Hu-lun Hu—Ku hu-p'o hsüeh yen-chiu 呼倫湖—古湖泊學研究. He-fei: Chung-kuo k'o-hsüeh chi-shu ta-hsüeh ch'u-pan she.

112 Wang Te-i 王德毅, Li Jung-ts'un 李榮村 and P'an Po-ch'eng 潘柏澄 (1982): Yüan-jen chuan-chi tzu-liao so-in 元人傳記資料索引, vol. 4. Taipei: Hsin wen-feng ch'u-pan kung-ssu.

113 Wei Cheng 魏徵 (1979): Sui Shu 隋書. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

114 Wei Kuo-chung 魏國忠 (1994): Tung-pei min-tsu shih yen-chiu 東北民族史研究, vol. 2. Ch'eng-chou: Chung-chou ku-chi ch'u-pan she.

115 Wei Shou 魏收 (1974): Wei Shu 魏書. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

116 Yao Ming-hui 姚明輝 (1966): Meng-ku chih 蒙古志. Taipei: Wen-hai ch'u-pan she.

117 Yeh Lung-li 葉隆禮 (1985): Ch'i-tan kuo chih 契丹國志. Edited by Chia Ching-yen 賈敬顏 and Lin Jung-kui 林榮貴. Reprint, Shanghai: Shang-hai ku-chi ch'u-pan she.

118 Ying-yin Wen-yüan ko ssu-k'u ch'üan shu 景印文淵閣四庫全書. Taipei: T'ai-wan shang-wu in-shu kuan 1986.

119 Yü Chia-hsi 余嘉錫 (1980): Ssu-k'u t'i-yao pien-cheng 四庫提要辯證, vol. 1. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü.

120 Zhao Zhan (1984): “On the Origins of the Mongols”. Journal of the Anglo-Mongolian Society IX, nos. 1 & 2. 43–47.

121 Zwick, H. A. (1853): Handbuch der Westmongolischen Sprache. Villingen: Ferd. Forderer.

Share


Export Citation