- Volume 62 (2019)
- Vol. 62 (2019)
- >
- Issue 2
- No. 2
- >
- Pages 193 - 202
- pp. 193 - 202
The Effect of Trading Lapis Lazuli on the Settlements in the East of Iran's Central Plateau (3rd–4th Mill. BCE)
Pages 193 - 202
DOI https://doi.org/10.13173/CAJ/2019/2/5
Lapis lazuli was one of the ancient world's most precious stones, extensively
traded during the third and fourth millennia and important for the settlement of
Shahr-i Sokhta in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The authors scrutinised
recent archaeological evidence in order to evaluate the impact of the lapis
lazuli trade between this part of Persia with locations as far apart as Central
Asia and southern Egypt. The raw material came from mines in Badakhshan
(northern Afghanistan), whilst the evidence suggests that Shahr-i Sokhta became
a wealthy production and trading centre for lapis lazuli, which was exported as
jewellery and as ornaments for temples and palaces. This would explain why the
city also became the social, political, economic and cultural centre of the
whole region for much of the third millennium.
青金石貿易對伊朗中央高原東部定居點的影響（公元前3000年至4000年）
青金石自上古以來是亞洲中西部最有價值的出口品之一，在伊朗錫斯坦及俾路支斯坦省「被焚之城」 وخته شهرس
遺址青金石有五至六千年的歷史。本文考古隊以物質循証方法檢查最近出土的文物，為了研究中亞與埃及之間青金石長途貿易的影響。青金石原料來自阿富汗巴達赫尚 ان
KKKKKKK بدخش
大山區，「被焚之城」成為青金石的重要工藝品生產中心以及貿易中轉站，以裝飾、首飾供應西亞的廟與宮。如此本市成為公元前第三千年亞洲西域社會、政治、經濟以及文化文明上的中心。
1 Alizadeh, Abbas; Gremliza, F. G. L. (1992): Prehistoric Settlement Patterns and Culture in Susiana, Southwestern Iran: The Analysis of the F.G.L. Gremliza Survey Collection. Ann Arbor: Regents of the University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology.
2 Dark, Ken R. (2002): Theoretical Archeology, London: Duckworth.
3 Ebrahimzadeh, Isa (1955): “Sistan Over Times: Studying Some Names of Sistan in Different Eras”, Journal of Humanities 1 (Sistan and Baluchestan University). 3–33.
4 Herrman, Georgina (1968): “Lapis Lazuli: The Early Phases of its Trade”. Iraq 30 (1): 21–57.
5 Kabouli, Mirebadaldin (1987): “Shahdad, the Center of Arata State”. Journal of Archeology and History 1 (1): 2–22.
6 Kazemi Zadeh, Frouzan (2005): “Studying the Status of Women in the Burnt City Society”. MA dissertation, Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University.
7 Kohl, Philip (1978): “The Balance of Trade in Southwestern Asia in the Mid Third Milleninum B.C.”. Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia 19 (3): 463–492.
8 Lamberg-Karlovsky, Carl C (1971): “The Proto-Elamite Settlement of Tepe Yahya”. Iran Journal 9: 87–96.
9 Lamberg-Karlovsky, Carl C (1972) “Trade Mechanisms in Indus-Mesopotamian Interrelations”. J.A.O.S 92 (2): 222–229.
10 Lamberg-Karlovsky, Carl C.; Tosi, M. (1973): “Shahre-i-Sokhta and Tepe Yahya: Tracks on the Earliest History of the Iranian Plateau”. East and West 23: 21–53.
11 Miller, Naomi F. (1982): “Economy and Environment of Malyan: A Third Millennium B.C Urban Center in Southern Iran”, PhD thesis: University of Michigan.
12 Majidzadeh, Yousef (1981): “Arata Land”. Kand Okav Journal (Teheran University) 3.
13 Majidzadeh, Yousef (1990): The Origin of Civilisation in Iran. Tehran: University Press Center.
14 Majidzadeh, Yousef; Sarlak, Siamak (2003): “Extensive archeological excavations along Halil river”. Publisher: Cultural heritage of Kerman province.
15 Negahban, Ezatollah; Kiyani, Yousef (1987): Civilisation and City Development in the 4th–1st Mill: Civilisation in Iran. Tehran.
16 Piperno, M. & Tosi, M. (1975): “The Graveyard of Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran”. Archaeology 28 (3): 189–197.
17 Potts, D. Timothy (1994): Mesopotamia and the East: An Archaeological and Historical Study of Foreign Relations, ca. 3400–2000 BC. Oxford University, School of Archaeology.
18 Rafie Far, Jalalaldin (1992): “The Spread of Obsidian: Culture-Technology Interactions in Iran”. Journal of History and Archaeology 5 (2): 14–26.
19 Salvatori, Sandro (1977): “Sequential Analysis and Architectural Remains in the Central Quarters of Shahr-i Sokhta”. In: M. Taddei (ed.): South Asian Archaeology 1977. 141–148.
20 Seyyed Sajjadi, Seyyed Mansour (2007): Jewellery in Burnt City. Zaboul.
21 Seyyed Sajjadi, Seyyed Mansour (1996): Eight Speeches on the Archaeology and History of Baluchestan. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Publications.
22 Seyyed Sajjadi, Seyyed Mansour (2007): Cultural Heritage of Burnt City. Zahedan.
23 Seyyed Sajjadi, Seyyed Mansour (2010): ‘Archeology‘ (Collection of Papers). Zahedan: Cultural Heritage of Burnt City Publications.
24 Shirazi, Rohollah (1997): “Study of Pre-historic Civilisations in Sistan and Neighbouring Regions”, MA. dissertation: Tehran University.
25 Shirzadeh, Gholam, (1996): “A Study of the Trade Routes of Lapis Lazuli and its Role in the Development of Settlements in Iran Deserts”, MA. dissertation: Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.
26 Sumner, William (1976): “Excavations at Tall-i Malyan (Anshan)”. Iran 14: 103–115.
27 Tosi, Maurizio (1977): “The Archaeological Evidence for Protostate Structures in Eastern Iran and Central Asia at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC”. In: Le plateau iranien et l'Asie Centrale des origines à la conquête islamique; Leurs relations à la lumiére des documents archéologiques, à Paris, du 22 au 24 mars 1976. Actes du Colloque International 567. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 45–66.
28 Tosi, Maurizio (1989): “The Distribution of Industrial Debris on the Surface of Tappe Hesar as an indication of Activity Areas”. In: Robert Dyson, Susan M. Howard (eds): Tape Hesar – Reports of the Restudy Project, 1976. Florence. 13–24.
29 Tosi, Maurizio (1968): “Excavation at Shahr-i Sokhta: A Calcolithic Settlement in Iranian Sistan”. East and West 18: 9–66.
30 Tosi, Maurizio (1974): “The Lapis Lazuli Trade across the Iranian Plateau in the 3 Millennium B.C”. Gururajamanjarika: Studi in onore di Giuseppe Tucci. Naples: 3–22.
31 Valipour, Hamidreza (2005): “The Nature of Pre-Historic Businesses”. Journal of Archeology 1 (1): 6–18.
32 Valipour, Hamidreza (2006): Lapis: “Ancient Business Goods”. Journal of Message of Archeology 3, Year 2: 48–58.
