Rulership and Representations: Reconsidering the Religious Identity of Prince Ananda research-article Liu Haiwei (劉 海威) Central Asiatic Journal, Jahrgang 64 (2021), Ausgabe 1-2, Seite 165 - 181 According to the Persian source Jami al-Tawarikh, Prince Ananda, a grandson of Qubilai Khan, converted to Islam and persecuted other religions in his domains. By analysing Chinese, Korean and Tibetan sources, this article shows that Ananda patronised Buddhism and Daoism. While these non-Persian sources do not dismiss Ananda's Muslim identity, they call into questions the narrative that he persecuted non-Islamic beliefs. This article argues that Ananda's Muslim identity did not prevent him from protecting the different religions in his domains. Furthermore, this article shows that Ananda was respectively represented as a pious Muslim, a devoted Buddhist, and a virtuous ruler in Muslim, Buddhist, and Chinese sources. It argues that the different representations of Ananda resulted from two inter-related factors, the rulership adopted by Mongol rulers to exert influence in the different cultures of their subjects and the inclination shared by the Islamic, Buddhist and Chinese historiographical traditions to identify the Mongol rulers with their respective cultures.