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Famines, State, and the Stability of Mongol Eurasia: Preliminary Remarks frontmatter

Ishayahu Landa

Central Asiatic Journal, Jahrgang 66 (2024), Ausgabe 1-2, Seite 115 - 154

This paper addresses the complex interrelation between climatic extremes, famines, and the stability (or instability) of the ruling powers of the various Chinggisid states across the Eurasian continent during the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. It pays special attention to the variability of the impact of famines on the nomadic and the sedentary population under the Chinggisid rule. Looking into the primary textual sources in Arabic, Chinese, Persian and Old Slavonic, quite unevenly dispersed across the continent, this paper advocates cautiousness and a critical approach in the question of interrelations between climatic hazards of the beginning Little Ice Age (early fourteenth century onward), the impact of such hazards (e.g. demographic shocks) and the succession (or the lack of thereof) of the Chinggisid governance to manage such crisis situations. On a broader scale, the paper also addresses the issue of the interrelations between the Great Chinggisid Crisis of the mid-fourteenth century and the climatic extremes, cautioning against monocausality in historical research and insisting on the multiplicity of factors that have to be borne in mind when analysing the breakup of Mongol Eurasia.

飢荒、國家與蒙古歐亞大陸的穩定:初步評論

本文探討元代期間極端氣候、飢荒與歐亞大陸各個成吉思汗國家統治權力的穩 定(或不穩定)之間複雜的相互關係,特別關注成吉思汗統治下飢荒對遊牧民 族和定居人口影響的變化。 本文研究阿拉伯語、漢語、波斯語和古斯拉夫語 的主要文本來源,分析於歐亞大陸的分佈相當不均勻。本文主張在小冰河時代 初期(十四世紀初以後)的氣候災害之間的相互關係問題上採取謹慎和批判的 態度 )、此類危害的影響(例如人口衝擊)以及成吉思汗政府管理此類危機 局勢的繼承(或缺乏)。 在更廣泛的範圍內,本文也討論十四世紀中葉的成 吉思汗大危機與極端氣候之間的相互關係問題,警告歷史研究中不要採取單一 因果關係,並堅持必須牢記多種因素在分析蒙古歐亞大陸的分裂時。

關鍵詞:元代亞洲、極端氣候、飢荒、成吉思汗、遊牧民族、定居人口


Stone Epigraphy in the Service of Chinggisid Imperial Culture: Geography, Patterns and Limits of Use article

Ishayahu Landa

Central Asiatic Journal, Jahrgang 65 (2023), Ausgabe 1-2, Seite 1 - 42

The paper discusses the scope and the patterns of stone usage for the sake of the Eurasian-wide dispersion of imperial propaganda under the Chinggisids (13–14th centuries). Bringing together case studies from a broad range of geographical locations under the Mongol control, the paper especially underlines, quite in Allsen’s terms, both the selectivity and adaptability of the Chinggisid overlords and their elites, who succeeded to adapt the usage of stone for the needs of the imperial statehood in the areas with extremely diverse cultural, religious, and political traditions throughout the continent. The paper also stresses the limitations of stone as an information and propaganda medium for the steppe nomadic conquest rulers as well as the limitations of the source and the scope of the surviving artifacts.

為成吉思汗帝國文化服務的金石學:地理、模式和使用限制

本文討論成吉思汗時期(13 至14 世紀)刻在石頭上為帝國宣傳使用的範圍和 模式。本篇匯集蒙古控制下廣泛地理位置的案例研究,強調成吉思汗統治者及 其精英的選擇性和適應性。蒙古帝國的代表者敏捷地按需要調整石頭的使用, 適應於整個大陸具有極其多樣化的文化、宗教和政治傳統。該論文還強調石頭 作為草原游牧征服統治者的信息和宣傳媒介的局限性,以及現存文物的來源和 範圍的局限性。

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